Isolated left sternocleidomastoid pyomyositis: a rare presentation of cervical sepsis.

An elderly gentleman self-presented to A+E with a 7-day history of significant and progressive left-sided neck pain, swelling and fevers, despite oral antibiotics from his general practitioner. Examination revealed a large left-sided neck mass involving levels 2-5 of the neck that was firm to palpate, with erythematous overlying skin.An urgent CT scan demonstrated a large collection throughout the length of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), measuring 13×5.5×4 cm, with extensive adjacent inflammatory change. He was subsequently taken to theatre for washout and debridement, during which the collection was found to be loculated and isolated to the SCM, with surrounding structures spared.Postoperatively, he was managed with intravenous fluids and a total of 2 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. The wound partially dehisced during healing and the cavity was packed with flaminal and regularly dressed with input from the tissue viability team. This was then left to heal by secondary intention and the patient was followed up in clinic over the following weeks to ensure resolution.

Primary pyomyositis and uveitis in a cat.

A 6-year-old neutered male Siamese cat was referred for investigation of hindlimb ataxia and blindness of 2 weeks' duration. A swollen right hind limb, with no history of trauma, and no evidence of an external wound, was observed on physical examination. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral absence of the menace response and changes consistent with uveitis. Blood tests identified changes consistent with inflammation including serum amyloid A elevation. Infectious disease testing was negative. Degenerate neutrophils and bacterial cocci were detected on fine needle aspiration cytology of the affected limb. Thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasonography identified no abnormalities. Primary pyomyositis was suspected and clindamycin was prescribed following Penrose drain tube placement. In addition, eye drops containing tobramycin, atropine, and prednisolone were administered. The clinical signs and serum amyloid A level were markedly improved after 5 days of treatment. Based on the medical history and lack of other findings, the uveitis was suspected to be secondary to the pyomyositis. The clinical signs resolved completely, and no recurrence was reported within a 6-month follow-up period. To the best of our knowledge, primary pyomyositis with uveitis has not been previously reported in cats.

Pyomyositis associated with abscess formation caused by streptococcus pneumoniae in children: a case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Pyomyositis is an unusual bacterial infection but potential severe in children. Staphylococcus Aureus is the main caused of this disease (70-90%), following by Streptococcus Pyogenes (4-16%). Streptococcus Pneumoniae rarely caused invasive muscular infections. We describe a case of pyomyositis caused by Streptococcus Pneumonia in an adolescent 12-year-old female. CASE PRESENTATION: I.L. referred to our hospital for high fever associated with right hip and abdominal pain. The blood exams showed increase of leukocytes with prevalence of neutrophils with high level of inflammatory markers (CRP 46,17 mg/dl; Procalcitonin 25,8 ng/ml). The abdomen ultrasonography was unremarkable. The CT and MRI of the abdomen and right hip revealed pyomyositis of the iliopsoas, piriformis and internal shutter associated with collection of pus between the muscular planes (Fig. 1). The patient was admitted to our paediatric care unit, and she was initially treatment with intravenous Ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg/day) and Vancomycin (60 mg/kg/day). On day 2, a pansensitive Streptococcus Pneumoniae was isolated from the blood culture, and the antibiotic treatment was changed to only IV Ceftriaxone. She was successively treated with IV Ceftriaxone for 3 weeks, then continued with oral Amoxicillin for a total of 6 weeks of therapy. The follow up showed a complete resolution of the pyomyositis and psoas abscess after 2 months. CONCLUSION: Pyomyositis associate with abscess is a rare and very dangerous disease in children. The clinical presentation can mimic symptoms of other pathologies like osteomyelitis or septic arthritis, so many times is hard to identify. The main risk factors include story of recent trauma and immunodeficiency, not present in our case report. The therapy involves the antibiotics and, if possible, abscess drainage. In literature there is much discussion about duration of antibiotic therapy.

Primary bacterial intercostal pyomyositis diagnosis: A case report.

RATIONALE: Pyomyositis is a microbial infection of the muscles and contributes to local abscess formation. Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes pyomyositis; however, transient bacteremia hinders positive blood cultures and needle aspiration does not yield pus, especially at the early disease stage. Therefore, identifying the pathogen is challenging, even if bacterial pyomyositis is suspected. Herein, we report a case of primary pyomyositis in an immunocompetent individual, with the identification of S aureus by repeated blood cultures. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 21-year-old healthy man presented with fever and pain from the left chest to the shoulder during motion. Physical examination revealed tenderness in the left chest wall that was focused on the subclavicular area. Ultrasonography showed soft tissue thickening around the intercostal muscles, and magnetic resonance imaging with short-tau inversion recovery showed hyperintensity at the same site. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for suspected virus-induced epidemic myalgia did not improve the patient's symptoms. Repeated blood cultures on days 0 and 8 were sterile. In contrast, inflammation of the soft tissue around the intercostal muscle was extended on ultrasonography. DIAGNOSES: The blood culture on day 15 was positive, revealing methicillin-susceptible S aureus JARB-OU2579 isolates, and the patient was treated with intravenous cefazolin. INTERVENTIONS: Computed tomography-guided needle aspiration from the soft tissue around the intercostal muscle without abscess formation was performed on day 17, and the culture revealed the same clone of S aureus. OUTCOMES: The patient was diagnosed with S aureus-induced primary intercostal pyomyositis and was successfully treated with intravenous cefazolin for 2 weeks followed by oral cephalexin for 6 weeks. LESSONS: The pyomyositis-causing pathogen can be identified by repeated blood cultures even when pyomyositis is non-purulent but suspected based on physical examination, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Streptococcus agalactiae pyomyositis in a patient with primary biliary cholangitis: A case report.

Pyomyositis is an uncommon clinical scenario; it is usually associated with predisposing factors, including poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, trauma history, and immunocompromise. We discuss the case of an elderly woman with a 20-year history of diabetes mellitus and remissive breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy and subsequent chemotherapy 28 years previously. The patient presented with severe shoulder pain and gradual swelling. After examination, pyomyositis was diagnosed and debridement surgery was performed. Culture of the wound samples showed the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae. During hospitalization, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) was diagnosed incidentally, accompanied by poor glycemic control. After treatment with antibiotics for pyomyositis and ursodeoxycholic acid for PBC, the infection resolved in 8 weeks, and her glycemic control was improved after PBC treatment. It is possible that the long-term untreated PBC worsened insulin resistance and aggravated diabetes mellitus in this patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pyomyositis caused by an unusual pathogen, S. agalactiae, in a patient with newly diagnosed PBC.

Unprovoked piriformis myositis presenting in a pregnant patient.

A patient in her mid-30s presented to hospital at 25 weeks' gestation with acute onset of leg pain.Routine investigations were performed to rule out the common causes of leg and back pain in pregnancy, which were grossly normal. Piriformis pyomyositis was diagnosed on MRI and a collection was drained. Following an initial response to antibiotic therapy, the patient delivered by elective caesarean section, but the pain returned on postnatal day 2 and muscle inflammation was diagnosed again, requiring a repeat course of antibiotics.This case highlights a rare cause of leg pain in a pregnant patient, and the additional complexities of managing cases in the obstetric population.

Severe thoracic pyomyositis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Pyomyositis may mimic deep vein thrombosis and be misdiagnosed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We report here on patient with SLE with severe thoracic pyomyositis presented with right upper arm swelling and fever. The patient fully recovered after a serial surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy. Pyomyositis, as well as deep vein thrombosis, should be considered during the differential diagnosis of patients with SLE experiencing fever and unilateral limb oedema. CT and identification of causal pathogens are crucial in the diagnosis of pyomyositis. Early effective antibiotic treatment as well as surgical intervention can together bring about a better outcome.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound Identifies Pyomyositis Secondary to Intramuscular Testosterone Injection: Report of Two Cases.

BACKGROUND: Intramuscular (i.m.) injections are a commonly utilized route for medication delivery. Intramuscular-associated soft tissue infections are rare and can include pyomyositis and i.m. abscess. Intramuscular testosterone injections have not been previously implicated in causing pyomyositis. Point-of-care ultrasound is an important bedside tool that can identify pyomyositis and differentiate this infection from more common entities such as cellulitis. CASE REPORTS: We present two cases of i.m. testosterone-associated pyomyositis. In both cases, the physical examination features were consistent with simple cellulitis. However, point-of-care ultrasound evaluation revealed changes consistent with pyomyositis in each case. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although uncommon, i.m. injections such as testosterone carry a risk of soft tissue infection. As demonstrated in the above cases, ultrasound can be helpful in making the differentiation between simple cellulitis and pyomyositis. The emergency physician should be cognizant of this complication of therapeutic i.m. injections, as well as the diagnostic efficacy of point-of-care ultrasound in evaluating the extent and location of the soft tissue infection.

From a Machine Saw to a Case of Mycobacterium Fortuitum Pyomyositis.

Pyomyositis is a bacterial infection occurring mainly in skeletal muscles. It is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus with initial symptoms including muscle pain, swelling, and site tenderness. When available, the most accurate technique to determine the extent and the specific location of disease is the magnetic resonance imaging. Successful management includes early recognition, timely surgical debridement or drainage, and appropriate antibiotic therapy. This case report describes a case of Mycobacterium fortuitum pyomyositis in an elderly male associated with challenges of successful diagnosis.

Extensive pyomyositis secondary to paronychia-related MRSA infection: A case report.

RATIONALE: Pyomyositis is characterized by an insidious and multifactorial inflammatory process, which is often caused by hematogenous pathogen. Predisposing risk factors include immunodeficiency, diabetes, malignancy, or trauma. The spectrum of clinical presentation depends on disease severity, typically presented by fever and hip pain. We hereby present a case with extensive pyomyositis secondary to chronic paronychia infection. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 14-year-old immunocompetent male presented with fever and hip pain. The patient was initially surveyed for common infectious etiologies prior to the presentation of acute limping, which led to image confirmation of extensive pyomyositis. DIAGNOSIS: The patient presented with acute pain in the right hip accompanied by headache, myalgia of the right leg, and intermittent fever for a week. Physical examination disclosed limping gait, limited range of motion marked by restricted right hip flexion and right knee extension, and chronic paronychia with a nail correction brace of the left hallux. Diagnosis of pyomyositis was confirmed by magnetic resonance image. Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the patient's blood and urine cultures within 2 days of collection. The same strain was also isolated from the pus culture collected via sonography-guided aspiration. INTERVENTIONS: Antibiotics treatment with oxacillin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, and fosfomycin were administered. Sonography-guided aspiration and computed tomography-guided pigtail drainage were arranged, along with nail extraction of his left hallux paronychia prior to discharge. Oral antibiotics fusidic acid was prescribed. Total antibiotics course of treatment was 4 weeks. OUTCOMES: The patient gradually defervesced and was afebrile after drainage. Followed limb doppler sonography showed regression of the abscess at his right lower limb. Gait and range of motion gradually recovered without sequelae. LESSONS: Ambulation and quality of life are greatly affected by the inflammatory process of pyomyositis. Detailed evaluation of predisposing factors should be done, even in immunocompetent individuals. Timely diagnosis is vital to successful treatment.

Primary Pyomyositis Caused by Kingella kingae in a 21-Month-old Infant: A Case Report.

The authors report a rare case of an unusual primary pyomyositis of the biceps cruralis assigned to Kingella kingae in a 21-month-old girl. The reported case demonstrated that primary pyomyositis may be encountered during invasive infection due to K. kingae even if this manifestation remains rare. This bacterial etiology must, therefore, be evoked when a primary pyomyositis is observed, and this is in particular in children under 4 years of age.

Piomiositis aguda: diagnóstico y tratamiento de 3 casos en un hospital de segundo nivel / Acute pyomyositis: diagnosis and treatment of 3 cases in a secondary hospital

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Primary pyomyositis in an infant following one-day afebrile upper limb monoplegia.

Background : Pyomyositis is a subacute bacterial infection of the skeletal muscles. Its most common features are fever, muscle swelling, and focal pain. There have been insufficient data regarding pyomyositis in healthy infants. Case report : A one-month-old boy presented with an impairment of his left arm movement. He was well-nourished and not under any apparent distress. His vital signs were within the normal limits but neurological examination revealed left forearm paralysis. Physical examination showed no abnormal findings in the region from the left shoulder joint to the fingertips. Considering these factors, an intracranial pathology was initially suspected. However, he developed a fever, regular tachycardia, and swelling in the left forearm. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed inflammation in the left forearm muscles. He was diagnosed with bacterial myositis and started on intravenous antibiotics. On the 17th day, he was discharged with oral antibiotic treatment, which was completed over 25 days without any sequelae nor relapse. Conclusion : Here we report the case of Japanese primary pyomyositis following one-day afebrile upper limb monoplegia in an infant. Even when infants exhibit afebrile symptoms, a bacterial infection should be suspected. J. Med. Invest. 68 : 372-375, August, 2021.